Nowadays a lot of people are likely to act in a violent and illegal way. Because of that in all over the world there are lots of criminals and prisons. Are any differences between Lithuania's and United Kingdom's prisons'?
First of all, I would like to talk about similarities of these prisons. The main similarity is of living conditions, because convicted people live in cells, there are simple beds, tables and toilets. Other important thing is that authority of both states' prisons' is working with the prevention of narcotic and alcohol abuse, Human Identify Virus. Moreover, in both states' prisons' are a lot of reabilitation programmes that prisoners are participating in, prisoners are able to gain some qualifications like cabenitmaker, welder and joiner. Futhermore, convicted women can live in prisons with their child, until the child is 8 months old. Also, prisons in both states have sport facilities,libraries and churches.
On the other hand, there are a lot of differences between Lithuanias's and United Kingdom's prisons'. First, in Lithuania we have only one prison and in United Kingdom there are 160 prisons. In United Kingdom are 85.000 prisoners and in Lithuania are only 11.000 prisoners. Second, the price of food for one person per day in United Kingdom is 4.99 pounds and in Lithuania just about 5 Lt.
To sum up, I would like to say that it is better to be convicted in United Kingdom, because there are better conditions.
2008 m. gegužės 19 d., pirmadienis
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY. SUMMARY
Intellectual property is the particular person's made work.
It can be exact words someone has written, the art and music someone has created, the technology someone has invented and also computer programmes, movies, literature. To protect the intellectual property is used patents and copyrights. On the other hand we can see films on the internet or read one's ideas, but we can not copy it. If we copy someone's created work, we can be punished. There are some unpleasant consequences for breaking copyright or patent. A person who do that can be punished to pay a fine or to do community service.
People can use all information they find but they can not copy it, because it will lead big troubles.
It can be exact words someone has written, the art and music someone has created, the technology someone has invented and also computer programmes, movies, literature. To protect the intellectual property is used patents and copyrights. On the other hand we can see films on the internet or read one's ideas, but we can not copy it. If we copy someone's created work, we can be punished. There are some unpleasant consequences for breaking copyright or patent. A person who do that can be punished to pay a fine or to do community service.
People can use all information they find but they can not copy it, because it will lead big troubles.
JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS. SUMMARY
The role of each court and its capacity differs, because a partucular court can specialize only a particular case.
A person can appeal to a higher court for reasessment, but it may be costly and time-consuming. The lowest court in United Kingdom is Magistrates Court, then goes the Crown or County Court, later High Court, Court of Appeal and House of Lords. The Crown Court deals with criminal cases, the County Court with civil cases and the Highest Court deals with all unlawful actions. There are twelve jurors in a Crown Court trial, aged from 18 to 70 years old and selected at random from the public. In some states the judges and jurors decide the case together and in other states juries even can appoint a punishment to the criminal. The appel system often is for the benefit of the defendant.
In most states court cases are open to the public, except when a child is giving evidence of sexual abuse or a jury is being threatened by someone who watches the trial.
A person can appeal to a higher court for reasessment, but it may be costly and time-consuming. The lowest court in United Kingdom is Magistrates Court, then goes the Crown or County Court, later High Court, Court of Appeal and House of Lords. The Crown Court deals with criminal cases, the County Court with civil cases and the Highest Court deals with all unlawful actions. There are twelve jurors in a Crown Court trial, aged from 18 to 70 years old and selected at random from the public. In some states the judges and jurors decide the case together and in other states juries even can appoint a punishment to the criminal. The appel system often is for the benefit of the defendant.
In most states court cases are open to the public, except when a child is giving evidence of sexual abuse or a jury is being threatened by someone who watches the trial.
CIVIL AND PUBLIC LAW. SUMMARY
Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a state and public law deals with the relationship between the citizens and the state.
In codified systems there are codes which correspond to all types of the law categories. Civil and criminal procedures differ in most states. Also if differs in mutual, because these types of the law are different. First, the standarts of proof are higher in a criminal action. Second, criminal action is always started by the state and civil action is started by individuals. Prosecution is the party which brings a criminal action and a plaintiff is the party which brings a civil action, in both kinds of action the other party is defendant.
Nevertheless, there are many points of contact between the criminal and civil law.
In codified systems there are codes which correspond to all types of the law categories. Civil and criminal procedures differ in most states. Also if differs in mutual, because these types of the law are different. First, the standarts of proof are higher in a criminal action. Second, criminal action is always started by the state and civil action is started by individuals. Prosecution is the party which brings a criminal action and a plaintiff is the party which brings a civil action, in both kinds of action the other party is defendant.
Nevertheless, there are many points of contact between the criminal and civil law.
CRIMINAL LAW. SUMMARY
A crime ia an act which can be punished by the state.
The meening of a crime differs in each state, because in one the act can be thought as unlawful and in other the same act can be thought as legal. All states have statutes which show how to prove one's guilty or innocence. There are two elements of a crime - Actus Reus and Mens Rea. The first one happens when the criminal intends to commit a crime and the second when a crime is considered lawful. A criminal has the right of a defense in oder to make court to excuse his act. There are three types of defense - duress, commiting a crime because of threats, insanity, commiting a crime because of mental ilness, self-defense, commiting a crime to protect one's life.
Criminal law is one of the fastest growing areas of the law, because of the technical change and the increased number of commited crimes.
The meening of a crime differs in each state, because in one the act can be thought as unlawful and in other the same act can be thought as legal. All states have statutes which show how to prove one's guilty or innocence. There are two elements of a crime - Actus Reus and Mens Rea. The first one happens when the criminal intends to commit a crime and the second when a crime is considered lawful. A criminal has the right of a defense in oder to make court to excuse his act. There are three types of defense - duress, commiting a crime because of threats, insanity, commiting a crime because of mental ilness, self-defense, commiting a crime to protect one's life.
Criminal law is one of the fastest growing areas of the law, because of the technical change and the increased number of commited crimes.
2008 m. gegužės 9 d., penktadienis
SELF - ASSESSMENT OF ESP LEARNING
WRITING SKILLS.
I believe my writing skills are not very well, because my vocabulary is not so good. Summaries' and contributions' to weblogs writing is the harder task for me, because of my inability to concentrate about the main ideas of the texts. I find ESP vocabulary tests and dictations very interesting, so these tasks are quit easy for me.
SPEAKING SKILLS.
I think speaking skills are the most important in learning English. There are a lot of ways, how I improve my speaking skills. Participation in class discussions and speaking in pairs helps me to express my opinion in English. It is very interesting to make presentations, because I like searching information about my profession's points, so I find this task the most interesting.
LISTENING SKILLS.
Listening activities in class are very useful in learning English. I find it not very easy, because I can not always understand what native speakers are talking about. I believe listening to podcasts are also very useful experience, because if I do not understand, I can listen to the same task repeatedly.
READING SKILLS.
It is not difficult to read texts at home, because I can use dictionary. Class reading also is very important and interesting, because I can talk to my friend of study's and discuss all unknown words.
I believe my writing skills are not very well, because my vocabulary is not so good. Summaries' and contributions' to weblogs writing is the harder task for me, because of my inability to concentrate about the main ideas of the texts. I find ESP vocabulary tests and dictations very interesting, so these tasks are quit easy for me.
SPEAKING SKILLS.
I think speaking skills are the most important in learning English. There are a lot of ways, how I improve my speaking skills. Participation in class discussions and speaking in pairs helps me to express my opinion in English. It is very interesting to make presentations, because I like searching information about my profession's points, so I find this task the most interesting.
LISTENING SKILLS.
Listening activities in class are very useful in learning English. I find it not very easy, because I can not always understand what native speakers are talking about. I believe listening to podcasts are also very useful experience, because if I do not understand, I can listen to the same task repeatedly.
READING SKILLS.
It is not difficult to read texts at home, because I can use dictionary. Class reading also is very important and interesting, because I can talk to my friend of study's and discuss all unknown words.
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